List of Shakespearean Sonnets

List of Shakespearean Sonnets Shakespeare left behind 154 of the most wonderfully written sonnets. This list of Shakespearean Sonnets indexes them all with links to study guides and original texts. The list is broken down into three sections: The Fair Youth Sonnets, Dark Lady Sonnets, and the so-called Greek Sonnets. Fair Youth Sonnets (Sonnets 1 – 126) The first segment of Shakespeare’s sonnets has become known as the fair youth sonnets. The poet dotes on an attractive young man and believes that his beauty can be preserved through poetry. When the fair youth ages and eventually dies, his beauty will still be captured in the words of the sonnets listed below. This deep, loving friendship sometimes verges on a sexual infatuation, and the nature of the doting is open to debate. Perhaps it is a female speaker, evidence of Shakespeare’s homosexuality, or simply a close friendship.   1: From Fairest Creatures We Desire Increase 2: When Forty Winters Shall Besiege Thy Brow 3: Look In Thy Glass, And Tell The Face Thou Viewest4:  Unthrifty Loveliness, Why Dost Thou Spend 5:  Those Hours, That With Gentle Work Did Frame6:  Then Let Not Winters Ragged Hand Deface7: Lo! In The Orient When The Gracious Light 8:  Music To Hear, Why Hearst Thou Music Sadly?9: Is It For Fear To Wet A Widows Eye10: For Shame Deny That Thou Bearst Love To Any11: As Fast As Thou Shalt Wane, So Fast Thou Grow 12:  When I Do Count The Clock That Tells Time13:  O! That You Were Your Self, Buy, Love, You Are14: Not From The Stars Do I My Judgement Pluck 15:  When I Consider Everything That Grows16:  But Wherefore Do Not You A Mightier Way17:  Who Will Believe In My Verse In Time To Come18: Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day? 19: Devouring Time, Blunt Thou The Lions Paw 20: A Womans Face With Natures Own Hand Painted21: So It Is Not With Me As With That Muse 22: My Glass Shall Not Persuade Me I Am Old 23:  As An Unperfect Actor On The Stage24: Mine Eye Hath Playd The Painter and Hath Steeld25:  Let Those Who Are In Favour With Their Stars26:  Lord Of My Love, To Whom In Vassalage27: Weary With Toil, I Haste To My Bed28: How Can I Then Return I Happy Plight29: When In Disgrace With Fortune and Mens Eyes30:  When To The Sessions Of Sweet Silent Thought31: Thy Bosom Is Endeared With All Hearts32: If Thou Survive My Well-Contented Day33:  Full Many A Glorious Morning I Have Seen34: Why Didst Thou Promise Such A Beauteous Day35:  No More Be Grieved At That Which Thou Hast Done36: Let Me Confess That We Two Must Be Twain37:  As A Decrepit Father Takes Delight38: How Can My Muse Want Subject To Invent39:  O! How Thy Worth With Manners May I Sing 40: Take All My Loves, My Love, Yea Take Them All41:  Those Pretty Wrongs That Liberty Commits42: That Thou Hast It Is Not All My Grief43: When Most I Wink, Then Do Mine Eyes Best See 44:  If The Dull Substance Of My Flesh Wer e Thought45:  That Thou Hast It Is Not All My Grief 46: Mine Eye And Heart Are At A Mortal War47: Betwixt Mine Eye And Heart A League Is Took48:  How Careful Was I When I Took My Way49: Against That Time, If Ever That Time Come50:  How Heavy Do I Journey On The Way51: Thus Can My Love Excuse The Slow Offence 52:  So Am I As The Rich, Whose Blessed Key53:  What Is Your Substance, Whereof Are You Made54:  O! How Much More Doth Beauty Beauteous Seem55:  O! Not Marble, Nor The Gilded Monuments56: Sweet Love, Renew Thy Force; Be It Not Said57: Being Your Slave What Should I Do But Tend58:  That God Forbid, That Made Me First Your Slave59:  If There Be Nothing New, But That Which Is60:  Like As The Waves Make Towards The Pebbled Shore61: Is It Thy Will, Thy Image Should Keep Open62:  Sin Of Self-love Possesseth All Mine Eye63:  Against My Love Shall Be As I Am Now64:  When I Have Seen By Times Fell Hand Defacd65:  Since Brass, Nor Stone, Nor Earth, Nor Boundless Sea66:  Tired For All These, For restful Death I Cr y67:  Ah! Wherefore With Infection Should He Live 68:  In Days Long Since, Before These Last So Bad69:  Those Parts Of Thee That The Worlds Eye Doth View 70: That Thou Art Blamed Shall Not Be Thy Defect 71:  No Longer Mourn For Me When I Am Dead72:  O! Lest The World Should Task You To Recite73:  That Time Of Year Thou Mayst In Me Behold74: But Be Contented When That Fell Arrest 75:  So Are You To My Thoughts As Food To Life76:  Why Is My Verse So Barren Of New Pride77: Thy Glass Will Show Thee How Thy Beauties Wear 78: So Oft Have I Invoked Thee For My Muse79: Whilst I Alone Did Call Upon Thy Aid 80: O! How I Faint When I Do Write Of You 81: Or I Shall Live Your Epitaph To Make 82: I Grant Thou Wert Not Married To My Muse 83: I Never Saw That You Did Painting Need 84: Who Is It That Says Most, Which Can Say More 85: My Tongue-Tied Muse In Manners Holds Her Still 86: Farewell! Thou Art Too Dear For My Possessing 87: Farewell! Thou Art Too Dear For My Possessing 88: When Thou Shalt Be Disposd To Set Me Light 89: Say Tha t Thou Didst Forsake Me For Some Fault 90: Then Hate Me When Thou Wilt; If Ever, Now 91: Some Glory In Their Birth, Some In Their Skill 92: But Do Thy Worst To Steal Thyself Away 93: So Shall I Live, Supposing Thou Art True 94: They That Have Power To Hurt, And Will Do None95: How Sweet And Lovely Dost Thou Make The Shame 96: Some Say Thy Fault Is Youth, Some Wantonness 97: How Like A Winter Hath My Absence Been 98: From You Have I Been Absent In The Spring 99: The Forward Violet Thus Did I Chide 100: Where Art Thou, Muse, That Thou Forgetst So Long 101: O Truant Muse, What Shall Be Thy Amends 102: My Love Is Strengthend, Though More Weak In Seeming 103: Alack, What Poverty My Muse Brings Forth 104: To Me, Fair Friend, You Never Can Be Old 105: Let Not My Love Be Called Idolatry 106: When In The Chronicle Of Wasted Time 107: Not Mine Own Fears, Nor The Prophetic Soul108: Whats In The Brain That Ink May Character 109: O! Never Say That I Was False Of Heart 110: Alas! Tis True, I Have Gone Here And There111: O For My Sake D o You With Fortune Chide 112: Your Love And Pity Doth Th Impression Fill 113: Since I Left You, Mine Eye Is In My Mind 114: Or Whether Doth My Mind, Being Crowned With You 115: Those Lines That I Before Have Writ Do Lie 116: Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds 117: Accuse Me Thus: That I Have Scanted All 118: Like As To Make Our Appetites More Keen 119: What Potions Have I Drunk Of Siren Tears 120: That You Were Once Unkind Befriends Me Now 121: Tis Better To Be Vile Than Vile Esteemed 122: Thy Gift, Thy Tables, Are Within My Brain 123: Thy Pyramids Built Up With Newer Might 124: If My Dear Love Were But The Child Of State 125: Weret Ought To Me I Bore The Canopy 126: O Thou, My Lovely Boy, Who In Thy Powr Dark Lady Sonnets (Sonnets 127 – 152) The second segment of Shakespeare’s sonnets has become known as the Dark Lady Sonnets. A mysterious woman enters the narrative in Sonnet 127, and immediately attracts the poet’s attention.   Unlike the fair youth, this woman is not physically beautiful. Her eyes are â€Å"raven black† and she is â€Å"not born fair†. She is described as evil, a temptress and a bad angel. All good reasons to earn a reputation as the dark lady. She is perhaps having an illicit affair with the fair youth, perhaps explaining the poet’s jealousy. Sonnet 127: In The Old Age Black Was Not Counted Fair Sonnet 128: How Oft When Thou, My Music, Music PlaystSonnet 129: Th Expense Of Spirit In A Waste Of Shame Sonnet 130: My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun Sonnet 131: Thou Art As Tyrannous, So As Thou Art Sonnet 132: Thine Eyes I Love, And They, As Pitying Me Sonnet 133: Beshrew That Heart That Makes My Heart To Groan Sonnet 134: So Now I Have Confessed That He Is Thine Sonnet 135: Whoever Hath Her Wish, Thou Hast Thy Will Sonnet 136: If Thy Soul Check Thee That I Come So Near Sonnet 137: Thou Blind Fool, Love, What Dost Thou To Mine Eyes Sonnet 138: When My Love Swears That She Is Made Of Truth Sonnet 139: O! Call Not Me To Justify The Wrong Sonnet 140: Be Wise As Thou Art Cruel Sonnet 141: In Faith I Do Not Love You With Mine Eyes Sonnet 142: Love Is My Sin, And Thy Dear Virtue Hate Sonnet 143: Lo, As A Careful Housewife Runs To Catch Sonnet 144: Two Loves I Have Of Comfort And Despair Sonnet 145: Those Lips That Loves Own Hand Did Make Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, The Centre Of My Sinful Earth Sonnet 147: My Love Is As A Fever Longing Still Sonnet 148: O Me! What Eyes Hath Love Put In My Head Sonnet 149: Canst Thou, O Cruel! Say I Love Thee Not Sonnet 150: O! From What Power Hast Thou This Powerful Might Sonnet 151: Love Is Too Young To Know What Conscience Is Sonnet 152: In Loving Thee Thou Kowst I Am Forsworn The Greek Sonnets (Sonnets 153 and 154) The final two sonnets of the sequence are very different from the others. They move away from the narrative described above and instead draw upon ancient Greek myths. Sonnet 153: Cupid Laid by his Brand, and Fell AsleepSonnet 154: The Little Love-God Lying Once Asleep

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership

Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership Introduction Critical Management Studies (CMS) form a substitute to a number of conservative administration presumptions and approaches. The key reason behind the development of CMS was to provide a transformative approach to traditional management. CMS is a sceptical look at the management and organisational structures that are currently in use.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These structures are evaluated and criticised based on their demonstrated social and ecological sustainability (Adler 2007). Contrary to the popular belief, CMS is not rooted on the focus on individual organisations and their managers’ poor management practices (Adler 2007). This belief, which is propagated by the outsiders of CMS, is largely untrue. CMS stands for the critical assessment of the wider organisational and management structures. Adler state s that CMS focuses on ordinary elements such as ecological pessimism, public discrimination, and pitiable management that are displayed in the wider social and economic structures whose traditions have been simulated by long-established administrators and the evolving conformist organisations. The current framework of CMS entails the critical assessment of issues in management such as marketing, organisational strategies, information systems, accounting, organisational relations, and international networks (Clegg, Dany, Grey 2011). CMS focuses on fundamental matters such as the use of uncertainty and analysis of the ubiquitous organisational administration speculations, the prevailing organisational configurations and traditions in the effort to propose changes. The use of criticism and critique in CMS is also aimed at illustrating how the contemporary organisational patterns and structures are disruptive and conflict ridden, with this situation being propagated and nourished by ou t-dated beliefs and practices in management (Sim Van Loon, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More CMS does not only offer critique to the management issues, but also goes a step further to offer solutions and alternatives. The aim is also to prove that the practices and beliefs are essentially changeable, with the change being dependent on the attitudes, thoughts, and knowledge of the management (Sim Van Loon, 2005). CMS has developed from the works of a number of theorists and scholars who have contributed in the development of theories and structures that are essential to the recommended management changes. Some of the people who contributed significantly in the creation of CMS include Foucault, Weber, and Hegel, with the theorists and scholars contributing to, ‘contemporary developments that stretch beyond the realm of academic theory and philosophical or social thought’ (Adler, 2007, p.1316). The modern-day business enterprise serves different functions in the modern society and a critical assessment of these functions is necessary, with different social avenues of critique developing. Some of the contemporary issues in the global economy that have influenced the modern business environment include the introduction of the European Union and its market, the rise of China and India as global economic and social forces. These developments have provided a basis of comparison to the largely traditional and dominant Anglo-American organisational values and models. CMS is very broad, with the major concepts, theories, and thoughts being significantly many. This report applies the CMS theories to assess a case study on call-centre labour in a global economy by Premilla D’Cruz and Ernesto Noronha (2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical Perspective on Management and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Set Up Bullying at the workplace has been a topic of concern for a long time for managers and human resource departments in organisations. This account, which is based in Indian, looks at the use of CMS in the analysis of D’Cruz and Noronha’s scenario examination on call centres. These individuals performed an investigation on the workplace occurrences of workers in some intercontinental call hubs in Mumbai and Bangalore. The two managed to assess the role of organisational sources of bullying at the workplace, thus providing some recommendations to the same (D’Cruz, Noronha 2009). Case Study Analysis Human resource management policies that are adopted in different organisations are displayed in the call centre working analysis above. There is a significant gap in HRM roles. Most organisations state that they apply soft policies, with the case study showing that hard HRM policies are actually th e ones being practiced. Most studies that have evaluated relationships between employers and their employees have concluded that although managers consider workers their most precious resources, they instead apply inflexible HRM guidelines and controls that are detrimental to their workforce. This shows that the organisation is considered more important in relation to employees. In the call centre, employees have no working union to safeguard their interests. They are however paid well with regard to the existing labour markets in the country. Another positive assessment of the HRM policies in the organisations shows that employees feel important while working there since adequate measures are in place to influence their self-interest and self-esteem. The organisations also participate in the inculcation of values to their employees to ensure that they put the organisational interests ahead of their own. Such organisations incorporate group work and collaboration at their workplaces . However, there are several negative policies in these call centres, including the hard and extended running hours. The operational circumstances are also complicated based on the many and frequently cruel customers that they encounter every day in their job.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These employees also have very high organisational targets, with the managers being harsh in the workplace. Harassment to these employees has contributed to conditioning, with D’Cruz and Noronha (2009) terming it as depersonalised bullying, which is created by the harsh policies, managers, supervisors, and a forceful working environment. HRM practitioners as displayed in the case can be described as disguising hard working conditions provided at the workplace with soft rhetoric. Critical theory is important in this expression. It states that rhetoric has dominated over reality in the current HRM mandates (Guest 1990). According to Guest (1990), HRM roles act as a smokescreen where the management teams can evade union formation and function in organisations, thus turning employees into working slaves, where they can work against their own will in the belief that the organisations are benevolent. Another researcher who is opposed to the displayed organisational rhetoric is Tada jewski (2011) who states that this rhetoric introduces HRM tasks that consider organisational benefit before employee welfare. Gane and Kalberg (2013, p. 26) also observe, ‘organisations use rhetoric to communicate an inherently attractive image of people who trust each other, share risks, and rewards and are united by common feelings of identity while providing little indication of the remote economic rationalism that distinguishes management in the real world’. Other researchers and analysts have also claimed that the softness displayed by the management is a way of ensuring that employees are subjective to the interests of the organisation. Managers also use the softness to wade off discontent from the displayed organisational control. The Indian Call Centre analysis provides results that reinforce critical perspectives. The analysis of the case study can also be done using the theories on transformational leadership and bureaucracy advanced by Max Weber. Bureaucracy In organisations, some officials are appointed to carry out specific duties and functions. They are awarded specific powers to carry out these functions (Budhwar, Varma, Singh Dhar 2006). Bureaucracy in the ideal form is the organisational arrangement where specific individuals are involved in the giving and receiving of commands, which are based on the existent rational system of rules, with no involvement of external influences (Morrison, 2006). The fundamental features of the bureaucracies described by Max Weber define the running of some organisations, with control vesting on specific individuals (Cox 2009; Cooper Burrell 1988). He claims that this form of bureaucracy leads to the ‘iron cage’ phenomenon in organisational management although the ideal application of bureaucracy would lead to greater organisational efficiency and effectiveness (Cox 2009). In the operations at the call centre, both the supervisors and junior employees are obedient to the existing di fficult and intolerable conditions at the workplace. The acceptance to working in these conditions demonstrates the iron cage phenomenon described by Weber (Cox 2009). These workers have been deprived of their privileges to dispute and to set right the circumstances at the administrative centres, with the reason being that they have acknowledged depersonalised maltreatment. In this case, CMS can be used to show how organisations can use bureaucracy to change the meaning and use of teamwork. In the organisation, the traditional and mainstream management perceptions practised include teamwork as a tool for mobilising employees to achieve organisational goals and improved organisational performance (Adler, Forbes, Wilmot, 2007). CMS on the other hand demonstrates that teamwork is abused in the present day organisational dispensations. Research works indicate that teamwork is effective as a management aid. However, in the recent years, the poor performance of well-staffed teams to perfo rm and deliver on the organisational goals has cast doubts on this notion. CMS, therefore, suggests that teamwork in the modern context is a tool for the exploitation of employees by organisations, with management and HRM mandates using teamwork to oppress team members in the name of improving organisational performance (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). Transformational Leadership Transformative leadership as suggested by Max Weber (Cooper Burrell 1988) and/or advanced by Bass can be considered in terms of the ‘I model’ (Bass, 1990, p. 19). This model of transformational leadership consists of four components, including intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, individualised consideration, and idealised influence (Bass 1990). The model states that leaders should act as role models in organisations. According to Bass (1990), the intellectual influence that demands leaders to act as role models causes the generation of trust and the foundation of ethics in orga nisations. Intellectual stimulation entails the incorporation of views on employees in the operation of the organisation by the transformational leaders. Individual consideration, on the other hand, ensures that transformational leaders consider the welfare of each individual in the organisation irrespective of their levels in the organisational echelon. These types of leaders give attention to workers, thus providing them with motivation and encouragement in the course of their work. Inspirational motivation entails transformational leaders motivating their employees, inspiring them, and providing them with bravery and means of countering any challenges in the organisations’ operations. In the call centres discussed in the case study, leaders have a little display of transformative leadership as evidenced by the occurrences of depersonalised bullying in their respective organisations and their inability to deal with the same. Employees display a labour force that is not moti vated, inspired, or dedicated to their work, and are not involved in the development of policies or their implementation (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). These employees demonstrate the absence of transformational leadership, with the authors stating that the organisation needs the introduction of this form of leadership (Adler, Forbes, Willmott 2007). Recommendations It suffices to make a number of recommendations to the changes that are necessary in the organisations in terms of their management policies with regard to CMS. The organisations should embark on the introduction of a union for employees to cater for their own welfare. A union will be crucial in the development of a better working environment for these employees since it will safeguard their interests in the organisation. Another change that the management needs to adopt is teamwork that is geared towards employee motivation and empowerment. Instead of using teamwork to affect the organisational productivity, organisa tions should apply the same to motivate their employees. The call centres also need to adopt training for their leaders on the principles of transformative leadership to ensure such leadership is practiced in these organisations. The call centres need to introduce policies that are friendly to the workforce. These policies include the reduction of the working hours for employees. Since these employees work in cruel conditions, they are exposed to depersonalised harassment from all sides, including the clients. A reduction of the working hours and the introduction of shorter shifts will act as a cushion for some of these challenges. Other necessary measures include the introduction of new campaigns to enhance collaboration between employees and their supervisors and the creation of a working feedback mechanism. Employees should be allowed to express their views through participation in decision-making processes in these call centres. Conclusion In conclusion, critical management stud ies are important in the changing of the conventional organisational dispensation. CMS provides alternative management theories in the attempt to change the conventional practice in organisations. The report has focused on depersonalised harassment as witnessed in the aforementioned administrative centres in India as discussed by D’Cruzi and Noronha. Several Max Weber’s suppositions, namely civil service and transformative headship, have been used in the assessment to determine the situation at the areas of work, specifically at the said call hubs. An analysis using these theories has shown that the management structures in the contemporary organisations are different from the rhetoric discussed by researchers. The HR customs are oppressive and that workers have adapted to working in these conditions. The report suggests some major changes that should be made at these organisations based on the CMS analysis. The adoption of these recommendations is crucial to improveme nt in the HR issues observed in the call centres. Therefore, human resource managers have a lesson to learn from this report in terms of the way they handle employees who are the key pillars of any organisation. HR managers need to make sure that the environment to which employees are exposed is work friendly in the effort to motivate them (the employees) towards giving their best to the organisations. This strategy will in turn lead to the accomplishment of the formulated targets. References Adler, P 2007, ‘The Future of Critical Management Studies: A Paleo-Marxist Critique of Labour Process Theory’, Organisation Studies, vol. 28 no. 1, pp. 1313–45. Adler, P, Forbes, L Willmott, H 2007, Critical management studies, Annals, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 119-179. Bass, B 1990, ‘From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision’, Organisational Dynamics, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 19-31. Budhwar, P, Varma, A, Singh, V Dhar, R 2006, HRM syst ems of Indian call centres: an exploratory study, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 17 no. 5, pp. 881-897. Clegg, S, Dany, F Grey, C 2011, Introduction to the Special Issue Critical Management Studies and Managerial Education: New Contexts? New Agenda?’, Management, vol. 14 no. 5, pp. 272-279. Cooper, R Burrell, G 1988, Modernism, Postmodernism, and Organisational Analysis: An Introduction, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK. Cox, J 2009, Critical Management Studies at Work: Negotiating Tensions between Theory and Practice, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar. D’Cruz, P Noronha, E 2009, ‘Experiencing Depersonalised Bullying: A Study of Indian Call-centre agents’, Work Organisation, Labour Globalisation, vo. 2 no. 2, pp. 24-46. Gane, N Kalberg, S 2013, Presenting Max Weber. (Max Weber and Contemporary Capitalism and Max Webers Comparative- Historical Sociology Today: Major Themes, Mode of Causal Analysis, and Applications) (Book rev iew), Canadian Journal Of Sociology, vol. 3 no. 1, p. 407. Guest, D 1990, ‘human resource management and the American Dream’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 27 no. 1, pp. 377–397. Sim, S Van Loon, B 2005, Introducing critical theory, Icon Books, Royston. Tadajewski, M 2011, Key Concepts In Critical Management Studies, Sage, Los Angeles, Calif.

Ornament in Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ornament in Architecture - Essay Example Ornament application is one means that may be applied to a building to increase its general outlook, but it may not be the only measure. Sullivan believes that a building without ornaments may be made to look beautiful by using other measures, but the application of ornament decoration may certainly add to its beauty value (Sullivan, 188). This paper seeks to explain the importance of ornaments in architecture and argue whether the entity adds a noticeable value or may be ignored. Ornaments in architecture The incorporation of ornaments in a building as part of its composition may add substantial value upon its perception as beautiful architecture. The careful selection of the mode of design applied matters to its overall composition as compared to the random placement of the ornaments in the structure. Sullivan quotes that both the structure and the ornament benefit from the careful placement of the entities as they strive towards achieving the goal of defining their overall purpose (Sullivan, 189). The careful application of the ornament on the structure should adhere to its structural composition. It should appear that the ornament decorating the building is incorporated as a composition towards the overall physical appearance rather that an addition forced later to improve its look. The ornament contributes significantly towards the total composition of the structure and adds to the beauty quality of the structure, making it a structural material and an additive. â€Å"They are no longer two things but one thing,† (Sullivan, 189). Not all ornaments would look appropriate in a structure. There are definite ornaments to be included in a particular architectural work, and they define the purpose properly if their use is carefully planned. It would look inappropriate and even destroy the beauty of the final architectural structure when little planning is incorporated towards the final composition. Each building possesses a set of ornaments that would app ear appropriate in highlighting the decorative aspect of the ornament. Current implications of ornaments that are successfully incorporated in the buildings are evident in America where buildings shine to give them a definite presentation. There is an overall function of making the building stand out from the surrounding structures, and involve a functional addition of explaining the structure especially if it is viewed for the first time. The picture that is normally instilled within an individual’s mind would involve the critic that revolves around the work of art, and the definition t possesses on the mind of the society. Simply put, the definition derived from an entity according to the majority would be upheld as the proper symbol that relates to the entity. In Loos’ book, Ornament and crime, he states that the tattoo among the Papuan tribe was a body decoration and an ornament applied to most of their necessities, but in the modern society, it is criminals that b ear the mark that are in tattoo form (Loos, 29). Objects that possess ornaments are cherished, but those without this additional entity are easily discarded and forgotten by the society (Loos, 30). He further gives the explanation that those objects in the dumpsters with ornaments are picked and cleaned to be displayed as valuable entities. However, Loos argues that individuals have learnt to overlook the concepts of beauty

Philosophy Voluntary Euthanasia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy Voluntary Euthanasia - Term Paper Example â€Å"It’s not life. I’m already dead† said 43 year old Diane Pretty, the mother of two who wanted assistance to die (Barclay, 2002). Diane Pretty was suffering from motor neuron disease and her ‘life expectancy’ as identified by the doctor was â€Å"very poor†. (Verkaik, 2002) She wanted a dignified death for herself. Owing to the distressful life she was leading where her words could only be interpreted as grunts, she along with her husband filed a petition in the court to prevent Brian, her husband from any prosecution if he assisted her in committing suicide. Julie, the mother of Dianne even wanted her to have a peaceful death said, â€Å"I have watched everything go and now I am hoping she will have a peaceful death. You know I’d like someone to give her a pill or an injection† (Barclay, 2002). The court did not provide Brian with immunity and the illness took its expected course resulting Diane Pretty’s death in the hospital under the conditions, which she had wanted to avoid (Tulloch, 2005, p.89). On the moral grounds the result against the petition was a disrespect shown to the individual autonomy of a rational human being and against her free will. Free will and voluntary euthanasia The free will of Dianne was questionable under the ethics of philosophy whether such an action taken by her would justify her on the moral grounds. Considering some of the major characteristics which have been attributed to the almighty by different religions come down to one notion that is the omnipresent of God and that the Almighty has no limit. If that is true then God possesses the knowledge about human actions and the almighty governs the thoughts of individual hence the decision taken by human beings are always guided by the will of the almighty. The free will of a human being must be respected and her autonomy to take decisions must be honored. (Waller, 2008, p.197) Thus on the moral and ethical ground it can be argued that the willingness to die expressed by Dianne to avoid the death of indignity and the distressful condition which she was going through can be justified. Voluntary Euthanasia and Utilitarianism The utilitarian approach specifies that the act like stealing which is termed as immoral is not essentially right or wrong, they are of the opinion that the rightness and the wrongness of any action depend upon the non normal goods like pleasure or happiness or health or knowledge or satisfaction which is derived while being in the action. Hence arguing whether the act is right or wrong is not easy; sometimes the simplest act has the most complicated outcomes. (Waller, 2008, p.52) The utilitarian rules examine the possible regulations on the basis of the expected utility. Euthanasia, also termed as mercy killing, which is an act that involves the intentional killing of an individual who is entirely dependent upon other for the life support and facing a life of distress. In th e case of Dianne Pretty the 43-year woman who was totally dependent on others for her life support the act of her to have a dignified death cannot be taken as against the ethics. The issue is that of a voluntary euthanasia, which is carried out as the person, himself or herself requests for it. The utilitarian approach focuses on the utility that an individual derives from an act. The Hedonistic utilitarian argues in the favor of the voluntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia arises from a critical situation where the person’s existence in pain brings more suffering for the person herself and the people watching her in that situation. In such a situation where the very existence of the person brings distress and anguish for himself or herself, voluntary euthanasia is justified. (Telfer, n. d) Peter Singer being a utilitarian himself argues that if the future life of the human being who wants to take the aid of euthanasia to end her life has more negative impacts than the posi tive impacts then killing can be justified than

As Separate Peace Essay Example for Free

As Separate Peace Essay It has connections between Genesis and the fall of man throughout the book underlining the main story. Genesis and the fall of man are used in the novel solely to understand human nature and the good and evil living inside everyone. Throughout the book the protagonist Gene, puts himself in a competition with his best friend and biggest enemy Finny. Finny is the perfect athlete and caries along innocence and pure thoughts of life itself and others around him. Gene and Finny both show representations of Cain and Abel as well as the creation of man with Adam and Eve. Much like Cain’s jealousy towards his brother Abel, Gene is very jealous and envious of Finny. Abel was the pure and honest brother who carried out all of Gods orders and pleased him very much, while Cain was the complete opposite. He was seen as rather corrupted and sinful. Gene, in this way, is portraying Cain because in the novel Gene realizes the strong hold that sin has on him and the strong hold on it has on his soul, and he says â€Å" It was just some ignorance inside me, some crazy thing inside me, something blind, that’s all it was† (183). Unfortunately, Gene becomes overpowered by his jealousy towards Finny just as Cain did towards Abel. Gene’s jealousy takes control of his mind and body when he finally realizes he will never be as perfect as Finny. He will never be as good athletically or he will never be as good morally and mentally either. Gene says â€Å"there never was and never could have been any rivalry between us. I was not of the same quality as he† (59). Which shows he knows that he will never win with Finny there. The pain of Gene knowing this makes him make a very unreasonable and ridiculous action that he regrets the rest of his life. Holding firmly to the trunk, I took a step forward and I jounced the limb. Finny, his balance gone, swung his head around to look at me for an instant with extreme interest, and then he tumbled sideways, broke through the little branches below and hit the bank with a sickening thud† (52). The story in Genesis of Cain and Abel is exceedingly similar to that. â€Å"Now Cain said to his brother Abel, ‘Let’s go out to the field. ’ And while they were in the field, Cain attacked his brother Abel and killed him† (Genesis 4:8). These two incidents directly parallel each other and unveil much about human nature. When Gene finally admits to the realization that he will never beat Finny or get close to his level he subconsciously lets his jealousy kill the better man inside of him so what is left is an empty soul. The fall of Adam and Eve is also coinciding with Gene’s tremendous fall in the novel. In Genesis, the story of Adam and Eve is set in the Garden of Eden. In the garden there was no sin, suffering or pain. Everyone was happy and had everything they wanted. The one thing God told Adam and Eve was to stay away from the tree of knowledge of good and evil and to not eat the fruit from that tree, yet that was too much to ask. â€Å"When the woman saw the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he also ate it† (Genesis 3:6). This sin had grave consequences such as â€Å"the eyes of both of them were opened and they realized they were naked; so they sewed fig-leaves together and made coverings for themselves† (Genesis 3:7). Gene’s sin had similar results from when he shook the tree and Finny fell, his life changed largely. The impact of his actions struck him extremely hard and at once he became ashamed and embarrassed of what he did, just as Adam and Eve were of their nakedness so they hid. Gene’s shame relates to the story of Adam and Eve but not just that, it relates to a large population of people today and this is the point Knowles was making and why he related his book to Genesis. As humans, people are automatically going to hide their transgressions behind something else and that’s just human nature. To be able to fully understand this novel you need to know about creation and the fall of man. In every human there is good and there is evil, it will come out at different times and one might overpower the other, but there is till both. Cain and Abel’s story, along with Adam and Eve’s story equally show how the evil overpowered Gene.

African Colonialism Essay examples -- essays research papers

World Influence on the Modernization of Africa Developing Political Systems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The way countries, nations or states act and base their policies on many times reflect what their past was like. This is very true in the case of Africa. The only problem is that Africa is said to have no history. This just means that Africa’s many cultures did not affect the way imperialists and other influences acted towards the huge continent. Everything was based on their interests and consequently this meant that the way of dealing with Africa in every way was based on Western traditionalists. To this we must answer the question how has the Western World affected Africa’s present stage and what must be done to undo what is wrong and hopefully correct this situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Africa first played a role in Europe’s and the America’s history when the U.S. and Great Britain needed labor. They needed a lot of it and they needed it cheap. There was nothing cheaper than free labor. It would require an initial investment to African “leaders'; but it paid off almost instantaneously. This is what we used to call slave trading. In around the 1860’s this became an illegal act. However, like any other crime, this trading could not be stopped entirely. British Naval ships were set up as blockades but sometimes Slaves were stored in spaces that were no higher than 12 inches so not all slave carrying boats could be stopped. In fact while the Navy stopped approximately 103,000 slaves from entering the slave force about 1.7 million entered it. Since this trade was illegal it was even more profitable than before. The slaves that were stopped from being shipped all the way west were being sent to Freetown, Sierra Leone and Monrovi a, Liberia and they were called recaptives. These were towns set up by the British and some liberal Americans to send former slaves and recaptives back to their home continent. It wasn’t their home but it certainly was a lot closer than before. These recaptives were not welcome with open arms because they had renounced their religions and African names and replaced them with Christianity and English names. They did this because they felt they had been betrayed when they were sold in the first place. There was even more hostility to these recaptives ... ...it like the U.S. It is just to say that this suffering should not last forever. The first step should come from the government. They need to take loans. It doesn’t matter if they are high interest. Money needs to be in the economy. A federal deal such as Franklin D. Roosevelt has to be implemented. Money has to be given to the people, not the elite, so that they can spend the money on goods that are being produced. In time enough money spent will lead to more jobs, which lead to more money, which will start to pay for new technology. Africa does not have to be rich to start involving itself in the world economy it just needs an economy that is working, producing and always moving ahead. Once they land in the international trade business everything becomes a bonus. Africa in all its existence to Europe has relied on others to decide what’s best for them. Africa is now in a Western style mode. This does not mean it should be there but it is now. The government has to start taking advantage of today’s capitalist economy. Money tends to keep people of all nations happier. With money everyone is guaranteed food, a home and a better chance at democracy. African Colonialism Essay examples -- essays research papers World Influence on the Modernization of Africa Developing Political Systems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The way countries, nations or states act and base their policies on many times reflect what their past was like. This is very true in the case of Africa. The only problem is that Africa is said to have no history. This just means that Africa’s many cultures did not affect the way imperialists and other influences acted towards the huge continent. Everything was based on their interests and consequently this meant that the way of dealing with Africa in every way was based on Western traditionalists. To this we must answer the question how has the Western World affected Africa’s present stage and what must be done to undo what is wrong and hopefully correct this situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Africa first played a role in Europe’s and the America’s history when the U.S. and Great Britain needed labor. They needed a lot of it and they needed it cheap. There was nothing cheaper than free labor. It would require an initial investment to African “leaders'; but it paid off almost instantaneously. This is what we used to call slave trading. In around the 1860’s this became an illegal act. However, like any other crime, this trading could not be stopped entirely. British Naval ships were set up as blockades but sometimes Slaves were stored in spaces that were no higher than 12 inches so not all slave carrying boats could be stopped. In fact while the Navy stopped approximately 103,000 slaves from entering the slave force about 1.7 million entered it. Since this trade was illegal it was even more profitable than before. The slaves that were stopped from being shipped all the way west were being sent to Freetown, Sierra Leone and Monrovi a, Liberia and they were called recaptives. These were towns set up by the British and some liberal Americans to send former slaves and recaptives back to their home continent. It wasn’t their home but it certainly was a lot closer than before. These recaptives were not welcome with open arms because they had renounced their religions and African names and replaced them with Christianity and English names. They did this because they felt they had been betrayed when they were sold in the first place. There was even more hostility to these recaptives ... ...it like the U.S. It is just to say that this suffering should not last forever. The first step should come from the government. They need to take loans. It doesn’t matter if they are high interest. Money needs to be in the economy. A federal deal such as Franklin D. Roosevelt has to be implemented. Money has to be given to the people, not the elite, so that they can spend the money on goods that are being produced. In time enough money spent will lead to more jobs, which lead to more money, which will start to pay for new technology. Africa does not have to be rich to start involving itself in the world economy it just needs an economy that is working, producing and always moving ahead. Once they land in the international trade business everything becomes a bonus. Africa in all its existence to Europe has relied on others to decide what’s best for them. Africa is now in a Western style mode. This does not mean it should be there but it is now. The government has to start taking advantage of today’s capitalist economy. Money tends to keep people of all nations happier. With money everyone is guaranteed food, a home and a better chance at democracy.

A Case Sajjan Singh V State of Rajasthan

————————————————- Top of Form | | MANU/SC/8083/2008Equivalent Citation:  AIR2009SC84, JT2008(11)SC150, 2008(4)KLT306(SC), (2009)3MLJ929(SC), (2008)41OCR708, 2008(13)SCALE76, (2008)13SCC518IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIAWrit Petition (C) No. 369 of 2008Decided On:  29. 09. 2008Appellants:  Baby Manji Yamada Vs. Respondent:  Union of India (UOI) and Anr. Hon'ble Judges: Dr. Arijit Pasayat  and  Mukundakam Sharma  , JJ. Subject:  CivilCatch WordsMentioned INActs/Rules/Orders:   Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 – Section 13;  Constitution of India – Article 32Case Note: Constitution Rights of child Article 32 of the Constitution of India, 1950 (Constitution) Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 (CPCRA) Petition filed u/a 32, Constitution against directions of High Court by grandmother of appellant Held, constitution of National and state commissions for protection of child rights and children courts for providing speedy justice in offences against children and related matters provided under CPCRA No complaint made by anybody relating to child Direction given to any aggrieved person to approach Commission constituted under CPCRA Writ petition disposed ofRatio Decidendi:   Commission constituted under CPCRA has right to inquire into complaints or take action suo motu notice relating to violation of child rights and development of children and pro vide relief in such matters with appropriate authorities. JUDGMENTArijit Pasayat, J. 1. This petition under Article  32  of the Constitution of India, 1950 (hereinafter for short ‘the Constitution') raises some important questions. 2. Essentially challenge is to certain directions given by a Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court relating to production/custody of a child Manji Yamada. Emiko Yamada, claiming to be grandmother of the child, has filed this petition. The Writ Petition before the Rajasthan High Court was filed by M/s. SATYA, stated to be an NG0, the opposite party No. 3 in this petition. The D. B. Habeas Corpus Writ Petition No. 7829 of 2008 was filed by M/s. SATYA wherein the Union of India through Ministry of Home Affairs, State of Rajasthan through the Principal Secretary, The Director General of Police, Government of Rajasthan and the Superintendent of Police Jaipur City (East), Jaipur were made the parties. There is no dispute about Baby Manji Yamada having been given birth by a surrogate mother. It is stated that the biological parents Dr. Yuki Yamada and Dr. Ikufumi Yamada came to India in 2007 and had chosen a surrogate mother in Anand, Gujarat and a surrogacy agreement was entered into between the biological father and biological mother on one side and the surrogate mother on the other side. It appears from some of the statements made that there were matrimonial discords between the biological parents. The child was born on 25th July, 2008. On 3rd August, 2008 the child was moved to Arya Hospital in Jaipur following a law and order situation in Gujarat and she was being provided with much needed care including being breastfed by a woman. It is stated by the petitioner that the genetic father Dr. Ifukumi Yamada had to return to Japan due to expiration of his visa. It is also stated that the Municipality at Anand has issued a Birth Certificate indicating the name of the genetic father. 3. Stand of respondent No. 3 was that there is no law governing surrogation in India and in the name of surrogation lot of irregularities are being committed. According to it, in the name of surrogacy a money making racket is being perpetuated. It is also the stand of the said respondent that the Union of India should enforce stringent laws relating to surrogacy. The present petitioner has questioned the locus standi of respondent No. 3 to file a habeas corpus petition. It is pointed out that though custody of the child was being asked for but there was not even an indication as to in whose alleged illegal custody the child was. It is stated that though the petition before the High Court was styled as a â€Å"Public Interest Litigation† there was no element of public interest involved. Learned Counsel for respondent No. 3 with reference to the counter- affidavit filed in this Court had highlighted certain aspects relating to surrogacy. The learned Solicitor General has taken exception to certain statements made in the said counter affidavit and has submitted that the petition before the High Court was not in good faith and was certainly not in public interest. 4. We need not go into the locus standi of respondent No. 3 and/or whether bonafides are involved or not. It is to be noted that the Commissions For Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 (hereinafter for short ‘the Act') has been enacted for the constitution of a National Commission and State Commissions for protection of child rights and children's courts for providing speedy trial of offences against children or of violation of child rights and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Section  13  which appears in Chapter III of the Act is of considerable importance. The same reads as follows:13. Functions of Commission. 1) The Commission shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely:(a) examine and review the safeguards provided by or under any law for the time being in force for the protection of child rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation;(b) present to the Central Government, annually and at such other intervals, as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;(c) inquire into violation of child rights and recommend initiation of proceedings in such cases;(d) examine all factors that inhibit the enjoyment of rights of children affected by terrorism, communal violence, riots, natural disaster, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, trafficking, maltreatment, torture and exploitation, pornography and prostitution and recommend appropriate remedial measures. e) look into the matters relating to children in need of special care and protection including children in distress, marginalized and disadvantaged children, children in conflict with law, juveniles, children without family and children of prisoners and recommend appropriate remedial measures;(f) s tudy treaties and other international instruments and undertake periodical review of existing policies, programmes and other activities on child rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation in the best interest of children;(g) Undertake and promote research in the field of child rights;(h) spread child rights literacy among various sections of the society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means;(i) inspect or cause to be inspected any juvenile custodial home, or any other place of residence or institution meant for children, under the control of the Central Government or any State Government or any other authority, including any institution run by a social organisation; where children are detained or lodged for the purpose of treatment, reformation or protection and take up with these authorities for remedial action, if found necessary;(j) inquire into c omplaints and take suo otu notice of matters relating to, -(i) deprivation and violation of child rights;(ii) non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children;(iii) non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships to and ensuring welfare of the children and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities; and(k) such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of child rights and any other matter incidental to the above functions2) The Commission shall not inquire into any matter which is pending before a State Commission or any other Commission duly constituted under any law for the time being in force. 5. Surrogacy is a well known method of reproduction whereby a woman agrees to become pregnant for the purpose of gestating and giving birth to a child she will not raise but hand over to a contracted party. She may be the child's genetic mother (the more traditional form for surrogacy) or she may be, as a gestational carrier, carry the pregnancy to delivery after having been implanted with an embryo. In some cases surrogacy is the only available option for parents who wish to have a child that is biologically related to them. The word â€Å"surrogate†, from Latin â€Å"subrogare†, means â€Å"appointed to act in the place of†. The intended parent(s) is the individual or couple who intends to rear the child after its birth. 6. In â€Å"traditional surrogacy† (also known as the Straight method) the surrogate is pregnant with her own biological child, but this child was conceived with the intention of relinquishing the child to be raised by others; by the biological father and possibly his spouse or partner, either male or female. The child may be conceived via home artificial insemination using fresh of frozen sperm or impregnated via IUI (intrauterine insemination), or ICI (intra cervical insemination) which is performed at a fertility clinic. ‘7. In â€Å"gestational surrogacy† (also know as the Host method) the surrogate becomes pregnant via embryo transfer with a child of which she is not the biological mother. She may have made an arrangement to relinquish it to the biological mother or father to raise, or to a parent who is themselves unrelated to the child (e. g. because the child was conceived using egg donation, germ donation or is the result of a donated embryo). The surrogate mother may be called the gestational carrier. 8. â€Å"Altruistic surrogacy† is a situation where the surrogate receives no financial reward for her pregnancy or the relinquishment of the child (although usually all expenses related to the pregnancy and birth are paid by the intended parents such as medical expenses, maternity clothing, and other related expenses). 9. â€Å"Commercial surrogacy† is a form of surrogacy in which a gestational carrier is paid to carry a child to maturity in her womb and is usually resorted to by well off infertile couples who can afford the cost involved or people who save and borrow in order to complete their dream of being parents. This medical procedure is legal in several countries including in India where due to excellent medical infrastructure, high international demand and ready availability of poor surrogates it is reaching industry proportions. Commercial surrogacy is sometimes referred to by the emotionally charged and potentially offensive terms â€Å"wombs for rent†, â€Å"outsourced pregnancies† or â€Å"baby farms†. 10. Intended parents may arrange a surrogate pregnancy because a woman who intends to parent is infertile in such a way that she cannot carry a pregnancy to term. Examples include a woman who has had a hysterectomy, has a uterine malformation, has had recurrent pregnancy loss or has a healthy condition that makes it dangerous for her to be pregnant. A female intending parent may also be fertile and healthy, but unwilling to undergo pregnancy. 11. Alternatively, the intended parent may be a single male or a male homosexual couple. 12. Surrogates may be relatives, friends, or previous strangers. Many surrogate arrangements are made through agencies that help match up intended parents with women who want to be surrogates for a fee. The agencies often help manage the complex medical and legal aspects involved. Surrogacy arrangements can also be made independently. In compensated surrogacies the amount a surrogate receives varies widely from almost nothing above expenses to over $ 30,000. Careful screening is needed to assure their health as the gestational carrier incurs potential obstetrical risks. 13. In the present case, if any action is to be taken that has to be taken by the Commission. It has a right to inquire into complaints and even to take suo motu notice of matters relating to, (i) deprivation and violation of child rights (ii) non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children and (iii) non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships to and ensuring welfare of the children and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities. 14. It appears that till now no complaint has been made by anybody relating to the child, the petitioner in this Court. 15. We, therefore, dispose of this writ petition with a direction that if any person has any grievance, the same can be ventilated before the Commission constituted under the Act. It needs no emphasis that the Commission has to take into account various aspects necessary to be taken note of. 16. Another grievance of the petitioner is that the permission to travel so far as the child is concerned including issuance of a Passport is under consideration of the Central Government; but no orders have been passed in that regard. The other prayer in the petition is with regard to an extension of the visa of the grandmother of the child requesting for such an order. 17. Learned Solicitor General, on instructions, stated that if a comprehensive application, as required under law, is filed within a week, the same shall be disposed of expeditiously and not later than four weeks from the date of receipt of such application. If the petitioner has any grievance in relation to the order to be passed by the Central Government, such remedy, as is available in law may be availed. 18. The writ petition is accordingly disposed of without any order as to costs. All proceedings pending in any High Court relating to the matter which we have dealt with in this petition shall stand disposed of because of this order.  © Manupatra Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd. | | | Bottom of Form

Nationalism in World War 1 Essay

Nationalism held a huge part in world war1 as it does in many wars. A major part of nationalism in world war1 is shown through Otto van Bismarck. Bismarck was a very tactical man and was great at thinking up strategies. It seemed he would do all he could to promote Germany and make it truly powerful over the rest of Europe by making a group of alliances that wouldn’t give France a chance to rise up to Germany since alone France was weak. Although Bismarck’s will to help Germany as much as possible was strong, the alliance he had made with Austria-Hungry and Russia (the league of three emperors) failed several times. It managed to rebuild itself but fell in 1887. Nationalism is more or less patriotic greed and because of Bismarck’s excessive use of it, it helped to carry on the war. His crewed tactics created long-term problems for European diplomacy. The end of his balancing act most likely caused Europe’s slide to war. Bismarck’s reign over Germany was brought to a halt after Wilhelm the second was crowned Kaiser in 1888. Bismarck resigned in 1890. Kaiser Wilhelm the second was another example of Nationalism and its cold grasp over world war1. Although he also wanted Germany to be great he worked differently than Bismarck. His public speeches carried Germany’s glory and might. He also proved very popular with the German people. Kaiser Wilhelm the second was a vain impulsive man who believed in Prussian domination over Germany. Wilhelm the second wanted to turn Germany into a large colonial empire and build a large army for her, to protect Germany. Because of his infection with nationalism Kaiser wilhelm the second lost an old friend Russia, who now allied with France bringing new problems to Kaiser Wilhelm the second. During Kaiser Wilhelms reign over Germany, the years 1890-1914 have been seen as a period of anarchy. Nationalism was a very strong force that affected the minds of many political groups. It also caused others. Examples of these are: The League of three emperors which wasn’t the most stable of the nationalist groups The dual entente, which was an alliance of France and Russia to crush Germany if they should attack either sides. (This shows what effect nationalism can  have on the friendship of countries) The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was britains desperate attempt to find an alliance to counter the dual entente and to make Britain more Superior. The Balkan League was probably the largest and most powerful nationalist alliance of its time. There greed through nationalism caused them to nearly drive turkey right out of Europe and to gain a considerable amount of Turkish states causing a great upset between the two groups. Later on this strong alliance came to a halt when the second Balkan war began when Bulgaria started quarreling with Greece and Serbia. Bulgaria felt like she got dealt the smallest hand and wanted more out of the arrangement so she attacked her former allies but Turkey joined in the war against Bulgaria to gain more power for her country from the land she lost in the first war. Bulgaria was defeated easily. This League was probably one of the largest examples of nationalism in world war1 because of all the greed for each region’s country shown in it. Therefore I conclude with saying that nationalism is contributed in world war 1 by greed through individuals and alliances alike and that nationalism is indeed the main cause of world war1.

How Does Seperation Shape Personality †Psychology Essay

How Does Seperation Shape Personality – Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers How Does Seperation Shape Personality Psychology Essay One of my earliest memories is being taken to a new child minder at the age of about four by my dad. It was a big kitchen with lots of children. My dad wanted to leave me there, and I would not let him go. The child minder’s daughter took me upstairs to her room, to show me her make up, and I remember thinking, I must go back downstairs, because my dad will leave me here. When I got back downstairs, he was gone. I still have a clear picture in my head of having a tantrum in the middle of the kitchen with everyone looking at me, and writing this, I can still feel the trauma of being left there. Being separated from my parents since the age of about 2 has been a familiar experience for me. In this essay, I will explore to see how these experiences have affected my relationship with my parents, particularly my mother. I will look at my experiences in relation to Attachment Theory and speculate whether I fit into any of the attachment models, and whether our experiences of being separated from one another have shaped our relationship. My parents came to England from Turkey in the early 1970’s, and I was born in 1975 in Turkey. My dad was in England when I was born, and didn’t see me until I was eight months old. Until then, I was cared for by my mother, and her family. When I was eight months we returned back to England. As we don’t have any other family here, we have always been a very close nit family, and I spent all my time with my parents. When I was two, my mum and I went back to Turkey, and I was left there with her family again for six months, and I formed close emotional bonds with my grandmother and my aunt, who were my main caregivers. When my mum returned six months later to collect me, she describes me as being distant from her. Although I did go to her, I was reluctant to stay with her, and wanted to go back to my aunt, who I had also started referring to as ‘Mum’, but due to the strong emotional bond I initially had with my mum, meant that the relationship went bac k to being as close as it was before I had been separated from her. However, a couple more separations up until the age of six meant that the anxiety caused as a result of these separations became a familiar feeling for me, and growing up, I was clingy, and fearful of strange environments and people. I’m not sure which of the separations was most significant, but the one I remember most clearly happened when I was five. My brother, who was nearly one at the time, and I were taken to Turkey, where we were separated from my parents for a whole year. My memories from that year are very clear, but the overriding feeling was one of deep discontentment. It always felt like something was missing, and when my family talk of that time, I am always remembered as being quiet and never really happy. As I was growing up, I have always been aware of anxious feelings of being away from my parents, especially my mum. Due to their work commitments, we were never able to take family holidays together, so often my brother and I would go on holiday to Turkey without my parents. It would always take a week before I would settle into being there, and would feel quite tearful whenever I spoke to my mum on the phone. Likewise, when my parents went on holiday, and I would stay behind in England similar feelings would arise. I had, and still do to an extent have a tendency to be slightly clingy, and at times of distress, will almost always go home to my parents for comfort. After we returned from Turkey when I was almost seven, I really hated being away from my mother. I wanted to stay with her all time, and I felt unsafe when I wasn’t with her. I was always quite fearful, and I can still remember the sense of loss I felt when I wasn’t with her. I am still remembered by friends of my parents as being the well behaved little girl, who never left her mum’s side, but in hindsight, I do wonder now if that was linked to fear of being away from her. I can remember times when my mum had to work, so my brother and I would either have to go to a play scheme or to the child minders after school, and I do recall feeling afraid. When we went to play scheme after school, I would have been about nine or ten, so my brother would have been about five, I would never let him play too far away from me, as I was afraid something would happen to him, and I was often afraid of one of us being kidnapped by strangers. I would never be able to relax, or just enjoy being with other children. Looking at Bowlby’s models, at this stage I think I would have fitted into the Anxious resistant attachment, whereby the individual is always prone to separation anxiety and tends to be cling and anxious about exploring the world. Maybe if the separations had not been so consiste nt, or for such long periods of time, then maybe the closeness of our relationship would have prevented me from being so fearful of being apart from my mother. But the fact that most of the separations were quite traumatic incidents for me, I think may have contributed to my fears. There are however contradictory incidents which make me question the model’s relevance to me. At the age of eight, I went on holiday to Turkey on my own. My parents took me to the airport here, and I was picked up by my grandparents at the other end. I don’t remember being scared or fearful, or anxious about being separated from my mum at all. This also makes me think about the way I am as an adult. Although I am extremely close to my parents, and could to an extent resonate with the anxious resistant model when I was younger, it doesn’t resonate with me as I am now. Looking at the Adult Attachment Interview, I can relate to classification SST B. Even when I was younger, I still was able to form close secure attachments, especially with my teachers at school and I was very attached to my aunt when I was in Turkey. As an adult I have been fairly independent, and at times have had to fight my parents for independence. Although this could be linked to model anxious avoidant attachment, where the individual may attempt to become self sufficient, I don’t believe this is the case. Holmes (1996) however states that we autonomy is possible on the basis of an inner secure world, as believes that we can go it alone as long as we are sure that we can return to attachment and intimacy as needed, He states that we can be intimate if we feel autonomous enough not to fear engulfment and know that separation does not mean that our loved ones will be lost forever, which makes more sense to me. There is one major incident in my adult life however, where I did revisit feelings of separation and abandonment. When I was nineteen I got together with someone who was mixed race. I always knew my parents would disapprove of this relationship, being Turkish, they didn’t approve of my having boyfriends let alone non-Turkish ones. A year after of being together, I told them about my boyfriend, Paul and how I felt about him. Their reaction was not so different from how I expected it to be. They insisted that I split up with him, and there were threats of disowning me. Up until then I had generally been a ‘good, well behaved’ daughter, and would generally do as I was told. This time however, I wouldn’t. My relationship with Paul had been quite up and down, but something was keeping me there, and even during the most difficult times with Paul, where there was no real relationship to save, I was still hanging on, and fighting my parents. Paul was adopted and a lready had issues of rejection which I was well aware of, and I felt a strong sense of responsibility to not let him down. My parents didn’t carry out their threat to disown me until three years later when I moved in with Paul. By then I had got used to the arguments. They would tell me I had to split up with him, or they would disown me, and I would refuse, eventually they would back down, for a while and then it would start again. They always said they would never accept the relationship. Things changed when I moved in with him. This time they were very serious about disowning me, although they did say that they would try and accept the relationship if I just didn’t move in with him, which was what I had been wanting all along anyway. However it was too little too late, and so I moved in with Paul. He had just bought a new flat and we were decorating it together. I will never forget the phone conversation I had with my mum, where she told me they no longer had a daug hter†¦.. I didn’t cry initially, I was very calm on the phone. I quietly walked downstairs. Paul opened his arms and told me he was there for me. At least I was making someone happy. Until then Paul and I had been arguing because he had felt that I wasn’t doing enough to fight for him. He had wanted me to disown my parents for him. Well now they had disowned me. The separation lasted a few months. Paul and I always got on well when I was having problems with my parents, so I became quite attached to him during those times. It felt very wrong in this situation. I hadn’t done anything wrong, yet I was being punished, and was expected to be understanding towards everyone’s needs. But no one seemed understanding towards mine. No one was hearing my voice, yet I was being blamed for everything. Eventually my parents started talking to me again. They still weren’t openly accepting, and were refusing to meet him, but they had stopped telling me to split up with him. I was always trying to be there for Paul as well, and thought that by not giving him up, no matter how much suffering I went through, or no matter what he did, I could show him that I wasn’t going to abandon him. I was also afraid that Paul was going to leave me, as he had affairs whilst we were together, and whenever I tried to leave him because of these he would beg and plead me not to leave him. And the one time he wanted to leave me, I wouldn’t let him. I felt I had put in too much effort for him to leave me. I did eventually leave him, not because of my parents, or because I found out about another affair. My parents did actually accept the relationship after five and a half years! We got engaged, and as soon as that happened, something in me changed. Maybe the challenge was over! I don’t know. 6 months after I first had that feeling I met someone else. He had walked into my life and he promised me a fairytale! The fairytale never happened. I’m struggling with relating all this to my childhood experiences, and applying it all to attachment theory. I know these were all hugely significant times in my life, and I can see certain patterns and consistencies in these situations. When I chose to write about my separation in relation to attachment theory, I envisaged a particular outcome. I assumed I would be Anxious Insecure Avoidant. I now think I’m secure. Although I have brought up the subject of my separation from my parents and subsequent problems in my relationships in my therapy sessions, it was never really explored in a psychoanalytic way therefore I am uncertain as to how I have moved from one model to another, or if they apply to me at all. I was unsure how to write this essay, as I wasn’t writing about attachment from a clinical perspective, and have found it difficult to apply the theory to my own experiences. However, what I did want to do was to speculate how my separation from my parents would have affected my personality development. And having re read this paper, I do feel like I have brought up certain issues as though I was in a therapeutic session. I guess if this was a therapy session, it would be over to the therapist now†¦..! Research Papers on How Does Seperation Shape Personality - Psychology EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Spring and AutumnComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseLifes What IfsThe Hockey Game

Overview of the Musical The Phantom of the Opera

Overview of the Musical The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera is a musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, with lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe. Based on Gaston Leroux’s gothic novel, Phantom holds the record as the longest-running musical on Broadway. For over twenty years, Webber’s masked musical has wowed audiences with its over 9000 performances on the West End, not to mention the countless touring companies that have spread Phantom-mania throughout the world. So, What Makes Phantom So Popular? The Phantom of the Opera combines high-tech stagecraft with good old fashioned melodrama. Consider some of the elements featured in this musical: A sweeping musical score.Powerful, operatic voices.Sharp, direction by Harold Prince.A sprinkling of ballet choreographed by Gillian Lynne.Elaborate costumes and dozens of quick changes.And when all else fails to entertain: Throw in a falling chandelier. Why Do Some People Hate Phantom? Anytime something is immensely successful, a critical backlash is to be expected. In my observations, many who are serious about musicals despise much of Webber’s work, opting instead, for instance, for the more complex compositions of Stephen Sondheim. Some might argue that The Phantom of the Opera is filled with gimmicky effects, flat characters, and sub-par trilling. As warranted as these criticisms might be, there is a component to this show that remains the secret of its phenomenal success. The show has been a hit for over two decades because the character of the Phantom is a mesmerizing anti-hero. The Bad Boy Image Step one in winning the hearts of the female audience: create a mysterious character with a dark side. Step two: Make certain that underneath that dangerous exterior lurks a loving heart, ready to bloom when the right woman happens along. A character that is seemingly cold, callous, and even cruel delights the hearts of romance addicts. Just look at some of these supposed jerks who turned into dreamboats: The Beast from Beauty and the BeastEdward Cullen from TwilightMr. Darcy from Pride and Prejudice The Phantom’s character possesses these traits – but there are some key differences. For one, the Phantom murders two innocent people. He crosses a moral boundary, making us wonder – should we despise him or pity him? Also, most romantic leads are stereotypically attractive. Even the protagonist from Beauty and the Beast was secretly a handsome prince. Not so, with the Phantom. He appears attractive until the mask is wiped away, revealing his hideous deformation. Musical Genius and Renaissance Man To contrast his violent nature, the Phantom is a masterful composer of brooding ballads which have the power to transfix the young singer, Christine Daae. More than just a musician, the Phantom is also almost like a Parisian Batman. He’s got a cool lair, which he constructed himself. He has created a plethora of inventions (some of them deadly). Also, he is a shrewd businessman (or extortionist) because he constantly sends payment notices to the opera managers. We can only assume he also designs his own costumes. All of this talent almost makes the viewer want to ignore his murderous crimes. Sensitive Soul or Sinister Stalker? Yes, The Phantom of the Opera has been called the most â€Å"haunting romance† of all time. But think of it: would you really want someone becoming obsessed over you the way the Phantom becomes obsessed with Christine? Maybe not. Today we call that stalking. However, because deep down the Phantom has a sensitive soul, audiences ultimately become sympathetic to him, despite his villainous behavior. Through exposition, we learn that the Phantom was imprisoned in a carnival freak show. We also learn that his own mother despised him. He sings about his appearance: â€Å"This face which earned a mother’s fear and loathing.† These details put the audience in a forgiving mood. In the final scene, the Phantom attempts a devious plan. He threatens to kill Christine’s handsome boyfriend, Raoul unless she decides to live with the Phantom. However, his plan backfires. Christine sings, â€Å"Pitiful creature of darkness, what kind of life have you known. God give me courage to show you, you are not alone.† Then, she bestows upon the Phantom a long, passionate kiss. After the smooch, the Phantom is overwhelmed by the experience of physical affection. He feels an unselfish love for Christine and he releases the young lovebirds. His transformation differs from other stories which hinge upon true love’s kiss. In this case, the Beast archetype doesn’t turn into a handsome prince. However, he does undergo a moral awakening. And it is that moment, the Phantoms reaction to the kiss, that makes The Phantom of the Opera a classic.

The Telegraph and the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Telegraph and the Internet - Essay Example In both cases, this linking of two users led to the development of a complex network of wired channels linking different geographical areas of countries and ultimately the whole world. In case of both the revolutions, the pioneers were rewarded with unprecedented levels of wealth. Technology: Recurring themes can be observed, as far as the communication technology is concerned. Due to the wired technology of the telegraph, it became necessary to invent a coded method like the Morse Code (a binary system of dots and dashes), which would facilitate transmission of information, as was the need of those times. The technology used by Internet also has an essentially similar design philosophy, though much more advanced. The system of nodes as intermediate transfer points for the complex networks of the telegraph system, similarly relate to the modern Internet connectivity. Another factor common to both technologies is the slowdown due to information overload. Development phase: The rise and spread of the population to far flung areas, and an increase in business and industrial activity resulted in the development of efficient transport systems such as railways. ... The governments utilized this innovation for better control of military and political matters, whereas the businesses could covert larger and larger geographical areas into one marketplace. In both cases, the subsequent entrants in the customer base were individuals, who brought along with them good and bad impact of human issues. Hacking or disruptive activities and misinformation about the operational capabilities are the common negative aspects about the social impact. On the positive side, personal issues like online chatting, romance and love over the wires, and even conclusion of marriage contracts are the common features of the personal applications of both, the telegraph and the Internet. Impact of the telegraph on New Journalism: The meaning of New Journalism: The term 'New journalism' as it is understood today, was codified by Tom Wolfe in a collection of journalism articles he published in 1973. Though it is not fiction, and it maintains elements of reporting, including strict adherence to factual accuracy, New Journalism often brings some features not originally found in news papers, but rather in magazines. The features identified by Wolfe are: elements of story telling, dialogue in full, first person point of view, and recording every day details. In effect, New Journalism differs from traditional journalism, by accommodating the element of entertainment in the original factual content. The influence of the telegraph: The origins of this shift towards New Journalism can be traced back to the invention and adoption of the electric telegraph in the nineteenth century. During that period, great changes were taking place in the society. The telegraph was instrumental in changing the

Galileo's Stardom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Galileo's Stardom - Essay Example Hence, when the highly acclaimed Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle proposed that Earth is the center of the universe, Catholic theologians readily validated as such perspective coincided with the relevant passages of the Holy Scripture. According to Aristotle, the heavens were made of 55 concentric crystalline spheres to which were attached celestial bodies orbiting the Earth at different measures of velocity. Aristotle further claimed herein that an outermost sphere existed being the domain of the ‘Prime Mover’ which brought its constant motion to be distributed among the inner spheres, including the sun. This notion was acceptable to the church on the grounds that it could be affirmed by certain passages in the Bible. As such, the biblical verses of the book of Genesis in the Old Testament, particularly Gen. 19:23 and Gen. 28:11, indicate in phrases â€Å"The sun had risen on the earth ...† and â€Å"... because the sun had set† (ESV), respectivel y, that the sun exhibits movement, as of rising and of setting. Then since the interpretation hereafter had been widely acknowledged in the literal sense of the text, the moving sun was thought of by the church to be the one rotating as all the rest of the cosmic spheres do about a core where the Earth’s spot was. ... xpressed inclination to his science and philosophy inasmuch as it seemed unlikely to question the inseparability between the church and its determination to keep the Aristotelian geocentric model. By the time that Renaissance or the Age of Enlightenment (14th – 17th c.) came and the enlightened thinkers prevailed to introduce reforms to the old system of thinking and living in several aspects, Galileo Galilei was born to challenge the traditional geocentric belief scheme. As one of the prominent figures who made ‘Scientific Revolution’ possible to soar to heights of radical vision and discoveries, Galileo studied astronomy, mathematics, physics, and natural philosophy that he found a great deal of significance in applying the scientific method. Through the inductive means of conducting his endeavor in astronomy which involved thorough use of math and physics for accurate computations, he managed to prove the Copernican findings that the sun is the center of the un iverse. The Roman Catholic Church, nevertheless, could not afford to permit the promotion of this concept since it had already perceived certainty in the gradual reconciliation of science and religion via the Earth- centered approach of Aristotle. It infuriated some theologians and church leaders to the point of severe opposition and accusation, charging the Italian astronomer of heresy upon examining Galileo’s heliocentric insights. His Copernican-based ideas appear contrary to the biblical statements concerning the movement of the sun or scriptural portions that reflected the Earth in fixed position while the Sun keeps not a single location, just as is depicted in Ecclesiastes 1:5 – â€Å"The sun rises and the sun sets, and hurries back to where it rises† (NIV). Galileo, however, responded by